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Diploidy, HIV and Evolution

HIV is the only human virus to be diploid. That means it has two single-stranded RNA strand. Other viruses may possess double-stranded DNA or RNA (two complementary strands), but never twice the "same" information.

The interest of a DNA / RNA double strand (not including HIV) is the protection of DNA / RNA enzymes through the cell: for example if something is fixed on a foundation, or if a base is chemically modified, an enzyme able to spot will replace the base altered using the complementary strand fused according to the correspondence A-> T G-> C.

For example, a base, cytosine, a double-stranded DNA (that of a herpes virus, for example) that drags in the nucleus will form an adduct with an aldehyde exogenous behind him aussi.Que happens there So what? The cell that has many enzymlatiques repair system will treat the DNA as his own, will cut the base damaged, and will resynthesize the missing part from the remaining strand.

HIV is single-stranded RNA and it is more, so no repair system of RNA in human cells. In addition, it synthesizes its own enzymes stroke of DNA from its RNA. This synthesis is very risky. The error rate is 1 in about 5000, whereas in the eukaryotic cell is the rate before correction of 1 / 100 000, then corrected by the systems of control 1 / 10 billion. HIV synthesizes its DNA to the really hard, like a war doctor who operates on the battlefield. The goal is to go fast.
This strategy is bold, and viruses using the same enzyme in DNA synthesis (reverse transcriptase) are rare, especially cytopathic viruses such as HIV. So

mutations are numerous and HIV evolves very quickly, very quickly. What is most compelling to escape the immune system, who needs to develop its response consistency. However, this mutability of the virus has a price. Most mutations are deleterious, ie they are inappropriate and ineffective make virions. And this is where the power of the diploid.

During evolution, the diploid was selected very rapidly (inovation eukaryotes), because on the one hand it allows a more rapid synthesis of RNA (if DNA is duplicated, we can synthesize RNA in two places are two times faster, or more if more copies (polyploidy)), and especially to my eyes because it potentiates-violently evolution. Let me explain: If the gene mutates and becomes non-functional, and there is only one copy, the organism dies. If there is a copy, the body does not die, and in addition the mutation is conserved, and can Remute "indefinitely" (if the lineage survives) to obtain a new functional gene. The advantage is twofold: not only protects you in the short term the individual, but in addition, it provides additional biological innovations inaccessible in haploid system. It's like a curve thermodynamics, or to minimize the energy of a system, we must overcome barriers to high energies. Diploidy allows to overcome these barriers.

short while it fascinates me, I will come back to this post because I have to go to work now!